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Chapter 9
Civilization in Eastern Europe: Byzantium and Orthodox Europe
- Introduction
- Two major civilizations
- Byzantine – Orthodox Christianity
- Maintained high level of political, economic, cultural life
- Leaders saw selves as Roman Emperors
- Empire lasted for 1000 years until Turkish invaders
- Constantinople – most opulent, important city in Europe
- Spread civilization to previously uncivilized areas
- Russia, Balkans
- Russia inherits empire from Byzantine
- West – Catholicism
- Byzantine – Orthodox Christianity
- Similarities
- Both influenced by Islam
- Both civilizations spread northward
- Polytheism gave way to monotheism
- Some syncretism – old religious beliefs maintained
- Northern areas struggled for political definition
- New trading activities – N. South
- Looked back to Greco-Roman past – borrowed
- Differences
- Different, sometimes hostile versions of Christianity
- Little mutual contact
- Trade didn’t go east/west
- East more advanced politically, culturally, economically
- Two major civilizations
- The Byzantine Empire
- Origins of the Empire
- 4th century CE – eastern capital Constantinople - Constantine
- elegant buildings
- Christian churches
- Greek becomes used language – Latin looked at as inferior
- High levels of commerce
- Recruited armies from barbarians
- Emperor kept separate
- 4th century CE – eastern capital Constantinople - Constantine
- Justinian’s Achievements
- 533 – a “moron” tried to reconquer western territory
- Successes
- Rebuilding Constantinople – architecture – Hagia Sophia
- Codification of Roman Law
- reduced confusion
- organized empire
- spread Roman legal principles
- W/ general Belisarius – conquered N. Africa
- Failures
- Unable to take/hold Italian empire
- Westward expansion weakened his empire
- Persian forces attacked from East
- New tax pressure
- Arab Pressure and the Empire’s Defenses
- New focus after Justinian – defending boundaries
- Withstood invasions of Arab Muslims in 7th century
- Greek fire devastated Arab ships
- Even though victory, but…
- constant threat on borders
- new economic burdens
- less power for farmers > greater power to aristocratic generals
- Withstood invasions of Arab Muslims in 7th century
- Slavic kingdoms – Bulgaria – pushed on empire
- Marriages and military success helped unite regions
- 1014 – Bulgaroktonos – defeated Bulgaria
- Became most powerful monarch on earth
- Capital city had awesome buildings, entertainment
- New focus after Justinian – defending boundaries
- Byzantine Society and Politics
- Similar to early China
- ordained by God – head of church and state
- passed religious and secular laws
- Elaborate court rituals
- Kept separate
- Immobilized rulers, prevented innovativeness
- …but, women held imperial throne
- Theodora – daughter or emperor, but refused to marry heir, sister did
- Forced to live in monastery
- Claimed control in 70
- Checked power of unruly nobles
- Limited bureaucratic corruption
- Severely retaliated against political enemies
- Checked power of unruly nobles
- Theodora – daughter or emperor, but refused to marry heir, sister did
- Maintaining order
- Bureaucrats
- Trained in Greek classics, philosophy and sciences
- Recruited from all social classes
- Officials close to emperor – eunuchs
- Provincial leaders appointed from center
- Spies everywhere
- Military organization
- Recruit and offer land
- Military leaders could gain regional powr
- Economically – hands on
- Controlled food prices/regulated trade
- Prices kept artificially low for urban rich
- Trade – silk production, luxury goods – only China’s could compete
- But merchants didn’t gain a lot of prestige, power
- Cultural life
- Relatively conservative – little innovation
- Art and architecture
- adapted Roman domed buildings
- religious mosaics
- icon painting
- blue and gold backgrounds + richly dressed figures
- brilliance of heaven
- led to iconoclast movement – should they be destroyed
- Bureaucrats
- Similar to early China
- The Split Between East and West
- Different focus
- East economic orientation, link to Asia more than Europe
- Disagreement
- papal attempts to interfere over icons
- Charlemagne claims to be Roman emperor
- Rituals in Latin, not Greek
- pope as first bishop
- religious art
- celibacy for priests
- 1054 Schism – split between Roman Church and Eastern Orthodox
- Different focus
- The Empire’s Decline
- Invasion – 11th century – Seljuk Turks
- Cut off source of tax revenue
- Cut off food supplying territory
- Creation of independent Slavic kingdoms
- During Crusades – Italian merchant cities – Venice – gained trading advantages
- 1453 – Turkish sultan brought army w/ artillery
- Importance
- Anchored vital corner of Mediterranean
- Key trading contacts
- Maintained classical learning
- Spread Christian learning
- Invasion – 11th century – Seljuk Turks
- Origins of the Empire
- The Spread of Civilization in Eastern Europe
- Introduction
- Contacts with Russia due to missionary activity and trade routes
- Regional kingdoms formed
- Brought to an end by Mongol invasions
- Missionaries
- Cyril and Methodius – created written script for language
- Slavic alphabet – Cyrillic
- ***Difference – religion allowed to have vernacular/local languages – not Latin
- The East Central Borderlands
- Balkans – area of competition between east and western political models
- Moderately active trade and industry
- Influx of Jews
- barred from agriculture
- resented by Christian majority
- forced to take commerce jobs
- emphasis on education and literacy
- able to govern selves
- developed distinguished culture
- The Emergence of Kievan Rus’
- Byzantine influence formative period for Russian civilization, but nothing yet
- Early culture in this region
- Animist
- Strong family tribes/villages
- folk music, oral legend
- Maintained animist religion – gods of sun, thunder, wind and fire
- Scandinavian traders set up trade stop at Kiev
- monarchy emerged
- Rurik, Denmark native, became first monarch
- Russia – Greek word for “red” – hair color of Norse traders
- Vladimir I – 980-1015 – converted to Christianity, and on behalf of people
- Constantine/Theodisius all in one
- Forced conversions
- Chose Orthodox instead of Roman Catholicism
- reject influence of pope
- not accept a religion that forbade alcohol
- splendor of Orthodox religious ceremonies
- Became largest state in Europe – though decentralized
- Created formal law codes
- Institutions and Culture in Kievan Rus’
- Kievan Rus could not replicate Byzantine
- bureaucracy
- elaborate educational system
- Borrowed from Byzantine
- devotion to power of God/saints
- ceremonies and luxury
- ornate churches
- monogamy replaced polygamy
- almsgiving – obligation to poor
- Russian literature
- mixture of religious and royal events
- tone of God being wrathful due to wickedness and then saving the day
- art – icons, illuminated manuscripts
- religious art rivaled by local music, street performers, theater
- social structure
- fairly free farmers
- boyars – aristocrats – less political power
- Kievan Rus could not replicate Byzantine
- Kievan Decline
- Rival princes set up regional governments
- Rapid decline of Byzantium
- relied on prosperity/manufacturing of southern neighbor
- 1237-1241 Mongol Invasion
- Tatars control – two centuries
- literature languished
- trade lapsed
- north-south commerce never returned
- left day to day control to locals
- Tatars control – two centuries
- When Constantinople falls in 1453, Russia claims throne of east European leadership
- “third, new Rome”
- The End of an Era in Eastern Europe
- After Turks, Mongols – Eastern Europe fell on hard times
- East and West on different trajectories
- Western Europe free from outside control
- West continued focus on political, economic, cultural advancement
- East and West on different trajectories
- Christianity remained
- Church-state relations remained
- Pride in artistic culture remained
- After Turks, Mongols – Eastern Europe fell on hard times
- Introduction
- Global Connections
- Byzantine Empire key – Constantinople key trading city
- Russia became dependent on Constantinople
- With coming of Mongols – led to unusual isolation
Full-Color Design The AP* Edition of World Civilizations: The Global Experience is published in full color and in a large format. Inequalities and reactions to inequalities. Traces several key features of all societies. Part Introductions Part introductions define the characteristics of the period of world history covered in that part. AP World History Key Terms: 1. The Andean civilizations included the urbanized cultures of Chav n, Moche, Ica-Nazca, Chimu, Tiwanaku, Aymara, Chachapoya,.
General Web Sites
![Edition Edition](/uploads/1/2/5/8/125872241/446028101.jpg)
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
The Internet History Sourcebooks are wonderful collections of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts for educational use by Paul Halsall. The site and its documents are well organized and the breadth of materials is impressive.
The Internet History Sourcebooks are wonderful collections of public domain and copy-permitted historical texts for educational use by Paul Halsall. The site and its documents are well organized and the breadth of materials is impressive.
Internet Global History Sourcebook
The Global History Sourcebook is dedicated to exploration of interaction between world cultures. It does not, then, look “world history” as the history of the various separate cultures (for that see the linked pages, which do take that approach), but at ways in which the “world” has a history in its own right. Specifically this means looking at: The ways in which cultures contact each other, The ways they influence each other, The ways new cultural forms emerge.
The Global History Sourcebook is dedicated to exploration of interaction between world cultures. It does not, then, look “world history” as the history of the various separate cultures (for that see the linked pages, which do take that approach), but at ways in which the “world” has a history in its own right. Specifically this means looking at: The ways in which cultures contact each other, The ways they influence each other, The ways new cultural forms emerge.
Exploring Ancient World Cultures (Evansville U.)
An on-line course supplement for students and teachers of the ancient and medieval worlds. Chapters are built around eight “cultures”: Near East, India, Egypt, China, Greece, Rome, Early Islam, and Medieval European. Contains a chronology, essays, images, and links to related sites. Glossary is linked to Argos project.
An on-line course supplement for students and teachers of the ancient and medieval worlds. Chapters are built around eight “cultures”: Near East, India, Egypt, China, Greece, Rome, Early Islam, and Medieval European. Contains a chronology, essays, images, and links to related sites. Glossary is linked to Argos project.
Tradition and Memory: World Cultures to 1500
A terrific overview of Ancient and Medieval History can be found at this online course, based at Washington State University. It offers clear and informative lecture notes, maps, a photo gallery, timelines, links to relevant sites, and more.
A terrific overview of Ancient and Medieval History can be found at this online course, based at Washington State University. It offers clear and informative lecture notes, maps, a photo gallery, timelines, links to relevant sites, and more.
BBC: Civilisations
This Flash-generated BBC site allows users to examine key events in the development of any given ideology or religion and its diffusion across the world. It uses web technology to reveal the sweep of historical forces and the rise and fall of great empires and ideas over 5000 years and is customizable. You will need the Flash 6 player to use Civilisations.
This Flash-generated BBC site allows users to examine key events in the development of any given ideology or religion and its diffusion across the world. It uses web technology to reveal the sweep of historical forces and the rise and fall of great empires and ideas over 5000 years and is customizable. You will need the Flash 6 player to use Civilisations.
Abzu: Ancient Near East Internet Resources
Provides on-line exhibits, links, and access to electronic journals
Provides on-line exhibits, links, and access to electronic journals
The Archeological Adventure
This site shows how researchers find ancient ruins. Included are guided tours, a glossary of terms, interactive forums, and articles (with an audio component). Feature topics include Troy and Egypt.
This site shows how researchers find ancient ruins. Included are guided tours, a glossary of terms, interactive forums, and articles (with an audio component). Feature topics include Troy and Egypt.
Antiquity Online
A 30-chapter world history that compares ancient religions, empires, cultures, and the like. Has links, photos, and good maps.
A 30-chapter world history that compares ancient religions, empires, cultures, and the like. Has links, photos, and good maps.
Collection: Collapse of Ancient Civilizations
Part of the Annenberg/CPB exhibits, this site focuses on the fall of ancient civilizations in four areas: Maya, Mesopotamia, Chaco Canyon (southwest U.S.), and Mali and Songhai. Nice images and interesting presentation.
Part of the Annenberg/CPB exhibits, this site focuses on the fall of ancient civilizations in four areas: Maya, Mesopotamia, Chaco Canyon (southwest U.S.), and Mali and Songhai. Nice images and interesting presentation.
Mr. Donn’s Ancient History Page
A rich resource on teaching ancient history from a sixth-grade teacher. Has lessons, maps, links, tests, and games.
A rich resource on teaching ancient history from a sixth-grade teacher. Has lessons, maps, links, tests, and games.
Diotima: Women & Gender in the Ancient World
Offers course materials, essays, a bibliography, images and good links to related sites. Also has a search feature and a section of biblical studies.
Offers course materials, essays, a bibliography, images and good links to related sites. Also has a search feature and a section of biblical studies.
Secrets of Lost Empires (PBS)
Revolves around the question of how man built inspiring structures, such as at Stonehenge, ancient Rome, and Inca Mexico. Few pictures but the Q&A discussions with experts are interesting
Revolves around the question of how man built inspiring structures, such as at Stonehenge, ancient Rome, and Inca Mexico. Few pictures but the Q&A discussions with experts are interesting
Historical Collections – Antiqua Medicina: From Homer to Vesalius
An interesting presentation on ancient medicine
An interesting presentation on ancient medicine
Turning the Pages
Turning the Pages is an award-winning interactive display system developed by The British Library to increase public access and enjoyment of some of its most valuable treasures. Visitors are able to virtually “turn” the pages of manuscripts in an incredibly realistic way, using touch-screen technology and animation. There are currently fifteen treasures on display in Turning the Pages including the Leonardo Notebook, the Golden Haggadah, and Sultan Baybars’ Qur’an.
Turning the Pages is an award-winning interactive display system developed by The British Library to increase public access and enjoyment of some of its most valuable treasures. Visitors are able to virtually “turn” the pages of manuscripts in an incredibly realistic way, using touch-screen technology and animation. There are currently fifteen treasures on display in Turning the Pages including the Leonardo Notebook, the Golden Haggadah, and Sultan Baybars’ Qur’an.
Cleopatra: A Multimedia Guide to the Ancient World
Cleopatra is an interactive guide to the Ancient Art collection of the Art Institute of Chicago. “Stories” accompany the objects and there are lesson plans for grades 4-12.
Cleopatra is an interactive guide to the Ancient Art collection of the Art Institute of Chicago. “Stories” accompany the objects and there are lesson plans for grades 4-12.
Mr Dowling’s Electronic Passport
Mr. Dowling’s Electronic Passport helps kids browse the world in his virtual classroom. He introduces you to many civilizations with clear explanations, engaging graphics for kids, and “cool links”. His study guides, homework assignments, and exams are free and available for you to print or to edit.
Mr. Dowling’s Electronic Passport helps kids browse the world in his virtual classroom. He introduces you to many civilizations with clear explanations, engaging graphics for kids, and “cool links”. His study guides, homework assignments, and exams are free and available for you to print or to edit.
World Mysteries
Explore lost civilizations, ancient ruins, sacred writings, unexplained artifacts, and science mysteries. Introduced are “alternative theories”, subject experts, books, and resources on the Internet. World-Mysteries.com is a non-profit web site.
Explore lost civilizations, ancient ruins, sacred writings, unexplained artifacts, and science mysteries. Introduced are “alternative theories”, subject experts, books, and resources on the Internet. World-Mysteries.com is a non-profit web site.
History of Money from Ancient Times to the Present Day
This award-winning site is based on a book with the same title and contains a chronology and a collection of essays on various themes regarding monetary history. Of special interest is the detailed chronology of money in its social and political context from the very earliest times onwards. The sources at this site are also useful in trying to determine how much a specified amount of money at a certain period of time would be worth today. There are also helpful essays, such as Origins of Money and Banking, Money in North American History, The Vikings and Money in England, Democracy and Government Control of the Money Supply, Third World Money and Debt in the Twentieth Century, Warfare and Financial History, and Britain and Monetary Union. Finally, there are links to related resources and even links to “financial thrillers.”
This award-winning site is based on a book with the same title and contains a chronology and a collection of essays on various themes regarding monetary history. Of special interest is the detailed chronology of money in its social and political context from the very earliest times onwards. The sources at this site are also useful in trying to determine how much a specified amount of money at a certain period of time would be worth today. There are also helpful essays, such as Origins of Money and Banking, Money in North American History, The Vikings and Money in England, Democracy and Government Control of the Money Supply, Third World Money and Debt in the Twentieth Century, Warfare and Financial History, and Britain and Monetary Union. Finally, there are links to related resources and even links to “financial thrillers.”
Lesson Plans, Teacher Guides, Activities, and more
World Civilizations: The Global Experience — Lesson Plans
Focus Lessons for World Civilizations highlight important ideas and concepts in each chapter, as well as the relevant sections in the program’s ancillaries. The Focus Lessons, written by an experienced AP teacher, suggest strategies for assessing how well your students understand the important points in each chapter, and also provide test-taking tips that will help your students prepare for and take the AP World History test successfully.
Focus Lessons for World Civilizations highlight important ideas and concepts in each chapter, as well as the relevant sections in the program’s ancillaries. The Focus Lessons, written by an experienced AP teacher, suggest strategies for assessing how well your students understand the important points in each chapter, and also provide test-taking tips that will help your students prepare for and take the AP World History test successfully.
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
Don Donn of the Corkran (Maryland) Middle School provides a complete unit with daily lesson plans and unit test for sixth graders. There are also links to multiple K12 lesson plans and activities.
Don Donn of the Corkran (Maryland) Middle School provides a complete unit with daily lesson plans and unit test for sixth graders. There are also links to multiple K12 lesson plans and activities.
BBC History Games: Dig Deeper Quiz
Test your knowledge of ancient history and archaeology and complete a section of jigsaws.
Test your knowledge of ancient history and archaeology and complete a section of jigsaws.
BBC History: Ages of Treasure Timelines
From the Palaeolithic to the Norman Conquest, explore British archaeological sites and treasures from the past, then test yourself on the eras and events in the Ages of Treasure game.
From the Palaeolithic to the Norman Conquest, explore British archaeological sites and treasures from the past, then test yourself on the eras and events in the Ages of Treasure game.
Treasures of the Sunken City
This online PBS game involves students in identifying the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
This online PBS game involves students in identifying the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Prentice Hall Web Site Study Guides
A series of websites created by Pearson/Prentice Hall to support the The Heritage of World Civilizations and Human Development series of texts.
A series of websites created by Pearson/Prentice Hall to support the The Heritage of World Civilizations and Human Development series of texts.